Cases3 cases

1 to 3 of 3

1. IL-0116 A CNI configuration change incompatible with a hardware variant that exists only in production cut network connectivity in an OpenAI GPU cluster and took text-davinci-003 fully down

   OpenAI2023

   Symptoms

   At 4:53 pm Pacific on 25 January 2023 one of OpenAI's GPU clusters had a major outage, and the text-davinci-003 model went fully down.

   Service outageThroughput degradation

   Trigger

   A configuration change to the CNI (Container Network Interface) plugins, which provide network connectivity to containers, was deployed to a GPU cluster that contained a hardware variant the staging environment did not have.

   Root cause

   Configuration change

   Component

   CNI plugin

   Contributing factor

   Unrepresentative stagingMonitoring blind spot

   Detection

   Engineers immediately identified the problem as network connectivity, but it took nearly an hour to identify CNI as the cause.

   Remediation

   • put a fix for the CNI configuration change in place, which restored 80% of traffic immediately
   • deployed models back onto GPUs over about three more hours until capacity was fully stable

   Action items

   • Make staging environments contain every type of hardware configuration so they better represent production
   • Monitor and alert on the health of the CNI system directly
   • Fix the network and storage bottlenecks that limit how quickly many replicas of a model can be deployed

   Lessons

   A change that had been deployed to other clusters over 24 hours and deemed safe still broke a cluster with different hardware, so staging needs every hardware configuration that production has.

   View case
2. IL-0032 Mutating admission controller generated broken JSON patches, silently blocking deploys for a week until a production service ran down to two pods

   Airbnb2020

   Symptoms

   A production service at Airbnb showed a high error rate and could not be deployed. The deploy failed with a cryptic Kubernetes error about being unable to access invalid index 5.

   High error rateThroughput degradationDeploys failing

   Trigger

   A change to the mutating admission controller, which had been rolled out within the previous month, had gone in seven days before the incident surfaced; when it had to delete two items from an array in a spec, it generated an invalid JSON patch that removed index 2 and then index 3.

   Root cause

   Software defect

   Component

   Admission webhookHorizontal pod autoscaler

   Contributing factor

   Change with a delayed effectMonitoring blind spotIgnored early signal

   Detection

   The affected service reported a high error rate and its deploy failed; the slow degradation of other services over the previous seven days had gone unnoticed.

   Remediation

   • deleted the mutating admission controller from the affected cluster

   Action items

   • Create alerts from the existing metrics that would have shown the problem earlier

   Lessons

   Keep in mind that a mutating admission controller exists in the cluster; a recently added one is easy to forget during an incident. Search for the exact error message early instead of working on the visible symptoms. Page a teammate when progress stalls.

   View case
3. IL-0401 Prow jobs on the k8s-prow-build GKE cluster failed and merges stalled as nodes hit IOPS throttling and kernel panics

   Kubernetes project2019

   Symptoms

   On 30 May 2019, in the run-up to the Kubernetes 1.15 code freeze, Prow test jobs in the k8s-prow-build cluster failed in surprising ways or were aborted partway through. Jobs were reported to GitHub as failed while Deck still showed them as running, because pods exited without uploading `finished.json`, the file most Prow tooling uses to tell a job's state.

   Node NotReadyNode kernel panicPods stuck in TerminatingThroughput degradation

   Trigger

   A spike in test load before the Kubernetes 1.15 code freeze pushed disk I/O on the build nodes far beyond the IOPS that GCP allows for 250 GB disks.

   Root cause

   Capacity exhaustion

   Component

   Cloud block storageNode root diskkubeletCI system

   Contributing factor

   Monitoring blind spotIgnored early signal

   Detection

   Several users reported jobs that GitHub showed as failed but Deck showed as still running, and the first report came on Slack at 13:26. Alerting for these failures did not exist or did not work.

   Remediation

   • Requested and received additional disk quota
   • Brought up 55 nodes with 500 GB disks in a new node pool
   • Migrated all nodes from the 250 GB disk pool to the 500 GB disk pool by draining old nodes, finishing at 23:55

   Action items

   • Create or fix monitoring so the oncall is paged when tide stops doing things
   • Set a process and guidelines for adding new members to the oncall rotation, with preparation and extra support

   Lessons

   Prow metrics were not recorded before the incident, which made it hard to understand, and alerting for these failures did not exist or did not work. After the cause was found and a fix devised, nothing happened for another two hours. The team counts it as luck that someone who recognised IOPS as the problem happened to be around to look.

   View case

By root cause3